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Rainbow Options with Direct Amplitude Loading

This notebook covers the implementation of the Direct Amplitude Loading Method for the rainbow option presented in [1]. In finance, a crucial aspect of asset pricing pertains to derivatives. Derivatives are contracts whose value is contingent upon another source, known as the underlying. The pricing of options—a specific derivative instrument—involves determining the fair market value (discounted payoff) of contracts that afford their holders the right, though not the obligation, to buy (call) or sell (put) one or more underlying assets at a predefined strike price by a specified future expiration date (maturity date). This process relies on mathematical models, considering variables such as current asset prices, time to expiration, volatility, and interest rates.

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Data Definitions

The problem inputs:
  • NUM_QUBITS: the number of qubits representing an underlying asset
  • NUM_ASSETS: the number of underlying assets
  • K: the strike price
  • S0: the arrays of underlying asset prices
  • dt: the number of days to the maturity date
  • COV: the covariance matrix that correlates to the underlyings
  • MU_LOG_RET: the array containing the mean of the log return of each underlying
import numpy as np
import scipy

NUM_QUBITS = 2
NUM_ASSETS = 2

K = 190
S0 = [193.97, 189.12]
dt = 250

COV = np.array([[0.000335, 0.000257], [0.000257, 0.000418]])
MU_LOG_RET = np.array([0.00050963, 0.00062552])


MU = MU_LOG_RET * dt
CHOLESKY = np.linalg.cholesky(COV) * np.sqrt(dt)
SCALING_FACTOR = 1 / CHOLESKY[0, 0]


from classiq import *

EPSILON = 0.05
ALPHA = 0.1

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Gaussian State Preparation

Encode the probability distribution of a discrete multivariate random variable WW taking values in {w0,..,wN−1}\{w_0, .., w_{N-1}\} describing the asset prices at the maturity date. The number of discretized values, denoted as NN, depends on the precision of the state preparation module and is consequently connected to the number of qubits (n=n=) according to the formula N=2nN=2^n: ∑i=0N−1p(wi)∣wi⟩\sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sqrt{p(w_i)}\left|w_i\right\rangle 
def gaussian_discretization(num_qubits, mu=0, sigma=1, stds_around_mean_to_include=3):
    lower = mu - stds_around_mean_to_include * sigma
    upper = mu + stds_around_mean_to_include * sigma
    num_of_bins = 2**num_qubits
    sample_points = np.linspace(lower, upper, num_of_bins + 1)

    def single_gaussian(x: np.ndarray, _mu: float, _sigma: float) -> np.ndarray:
        cdf = scipy.stats.norm.cdf(x, loc=_mu, scale=_sigma)
        return cdf[1:] - cdf[0:-1]

    non_normalized_pmf = (single_gaussian(sample_points, mu, sigma),)
    real_probs = non_normalized_pmf / np.sum(non_normalized_pmf)
    return sample_points[:-1], real_probs[0].tolist()


grid_points, probabilities = gaussian_discretization(NUM_QUBITS)

STEP_X = grid_points[1] - grid_points[0]
MIN_X = grid_points[0]

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Sanity Check

To avoid meaningless results, the process must stop if the strike price KK is greater than the maximum value reacheable by the assets during the simulation. In this case, the payoff is 00, so there is no need to simulate: 
from IPython.display import Markdown

if K >= max(S0 * np.exp(np.dot(CHOLESKY, [grid_points[-1]] * 2) + MU)):
    display(
        Markdown(
            "<font color='red'> K always greater than the maximum asset values.

Stop the run, the payoff is 0</font>"
        )
    )

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Maximum Computation

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Precision Utils

FRAC_PLACES = 2


def round_factor(a):
    precision_factor = 2**FRAC_PLACES
    return round(a * precision_factor) / precision_factor


def floor_factor(a):
    precision_factor = 2**FRAC_PLACES
    return np.floor(a * precision_factor) / precision_factor

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Affine and Maximum Arithmetic Definitions

Considering the time delta between the starting date (t0t_0) and the maturity date (tt), express the return value RiR_i for the ii-th asset as Ri=μi+yiR_i = \mu_i + y_i where μi=(t−t0)μ~i\mu_i= (t-t_0)\tilde{\mu}_i, being μ~i\tilde{\mu}_i the expected daily log-return value. It can be estimated by considering the historical time series of log returns for the ii-th asset. yiy_i is obtained through the dot product between the matrix L\mathbf{L} and the standard multivariate Gaussian sample: yi=Δx⋅∑klikdk+xmin⋅∑kliky_i = \Delta x \cdot \sum_kl_{ik}d_k + x_{min} \cdot \sum_k l_{ik} Δx\Delta x is the Gaussian discretization step, xminx_{min} is the lower Gaussian truncation value, and dk∈[0,2m−1]d_k \in [0,2^m-1] is the sample taken from the kk-th standard Gaussian. likl_{ik} is the i,ki,k entry of the matrix L\mathbf{L}, defined as L=C(t−t0)\mathbf{L}=\mathbf{C}\sqrt{(t-t_0)}, where C\mathbf{C} is the lower triangular matrix obtained by applying the Cholesky decomposition to the historical daily log-return correlation matrix: 
from functools import reduce

from classiq.qmod.symbolic import max as qmax

a = STEP_X / SCALING_FACTOR
b = np.log(S0[0]) + MU[0] + MIN_X * CHOLESKY[0].sum()


def get_affine_formula(assets, i):
    return reduce(
        lambda x, y: x + y,
        [
            assets[j] * round_factor(SCALING_FACTOR * CHOLESKY[i, j])
            for j in range(NUM_ASSETS)
            if CHOLESKY[i, j]
        ],
    )


c = (
    SCALING_FACTOR
    * (
        np.log(S0[1])
        + MU[1]
        - (np.log(S0[0]) + MU[0])
        + MIN_X * sum(CHOLESKY[1] 

- CHOLESKY[0])
    )
    / (STEP_X)
)

c = round_factor(c)


def calculate_max_reg_type():
    x1 = QNum(size=NUM_QUBITS)
    x2 = QNum(size=NUM_QUBITS)
    expr = qmax(get_affine_formula([x1, x2], 0), get_affine_formula([x1, x2], 1) + c)
    size_in_bits, sign, fraction_digits = get_expression_numeric_attributes(
        [x1, x2], expr
    )
    return size_in_bits, fraction_digits


MAX_NUM_QUBITS = calculate_max_reg_type()[0]
MAX_FRAC_PLACES = calculate_max_reg_type()[1]


@qperm
def affine_max(x1: Const[QNum], x2: Const[QNum], res: Output[QNum]):
    res |= qmax(get_affine_formula([x1, x2], 0), get_affine_formula([x1, x2], 1) + c)

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Direct Method

The direct exponential amplitude loading encodes in f~\tilde{f} the following function: f~(x)={e−ax^,if x2P≥log⁡(K)−b′bKe−(b′+axmax),if x2P<log⁡(K)−b′b\begin{equation} \tilde{f}(x)= \begin{cases} e^{-a\hat{x}}, & \text{if } \frac{x}{2^P} \geq \frac{\log(K) -b'}{b}\\ Ke^{-(b'+ ax_{max})}, & \text{if } \frac{x}{2^P} < \frac{\log(K) -b'}{b} \end{cases} \end{equation} where x^\hat{x} is the binary complement of xx (x^=x−xmax\hat{x}=x-x_{max}) and xmax=2R−1x_{max}=2^R-1, the maximum value that can be stored in the ∣x⟩|x\rangle register. For loading e−ax^e^{-a\hat{x}}, the ∣r⟩|r\rangle is initialized to all zeros. One controlled rotation for each qubit is performed. The rotation angles are θi=2arccos⁡(e−a2i)\theta_i = 2\arccos \left({\sqrt{e^{-a2^i}}}\right). All the probabilities of getting a ∣0⟩⊗R|0\rangle^{\otimes{R}} in the ∣r⟩|r\rangle are then collected by a multi-controlled X (MCX) gate and stored in the ∣1⟩|1\rangle state of a target qubit. 
from classiq.qmod.symbolic import acos, asin, exp, sqrt


@qfunc
def exponential_amplitude_loading(
    exp_rate: CReal, x: Const[QArray[QBit]], aux: QArray[QBit], res: QBit
) -> None:

    within_apply(
        lambda: apply_to_all(X, x),
        lambda: repeat(
            x.len,
            lambda index: control(
                x[index],
                lambda: RY(2 * acos(1 / sqrt(exp(exp_rate * (2**index)))), aux[index]),
            ),
        ),
    )
    aux_num = QNum()
    within_apply(lambda: bind(aux, aux_num), lambda: inplace_xor(aux_num == 0, res))


class EstimationVars(QStruct):
    x1: QNum[NUM_QUBITS]
    x2: QNum[NUM_QUBITS]
    aux: QNum[MAX_NUM_QUBITS]


def get_payoff_expression(x, size, fraction_digits):
    payoff = sqrt(
        qmax(
            S0[0]
            * exp(
                STEP_X / SCALING_FACTOR * (2 ** (size - fraction_digits)) * x
                + (MU[0] + MIN_X * CHOLESKY[0].sum())
            ),
            K,
        )
    )
    return payoff


def get_strike_price_theta_direct(x: QNum):
    x_max = 1 - 1 / (2**x.size)
    payoff_max = get_payoff_expression(x_max, x.size, x.fraction_digits)

    return 2 * asin(np.sqrt(K) / payoff_max)


# this is not a qfunc, just a utility function
def is_geq_strike_price(
    x: Const[QNum],
) -> None:
    a = STEP_X / SCALING_FACTOR
    b = np.log(S0[0]) + MU[0] + MIN_X * CHOLESKY[0].sum()
    COMP_VALUE = (np.log(K) - b) / a
    return x > floor_factor(COMP_VALUE)


@qfunc
def direct_payoff(max_reg: Const[QNum], aux_reg: QNum, ind_reg: QBit):
    exp_rate = (1 / (2**max_reg.fraction_digits)) * a

    control(
        is_geq_strike_price(max_reg),
        lambda: exponential_amplitude_loading(exp_rate, max_reg, aux_reg, ind_reg),
        lambda: RY(get_strike_price_theta_direct(max_reg), ind_reg),
    )


@qfunc
def rainbow_direct(qvars: EstimationVars, ind: QBit) -> None:
    inplace_prepare_state(probabilities, 0, qvars.x1)
    inplace_prepare_state(probabilities, 0, qvars.x2)
    max_out = QNum()

    affine_max(qvars.x1, qvars.x2, max_out)
    direct_payoff(max_out, qvars.aux, ind)


@qfunc
def main(qvars: Output[EstimationVars], ind: Output[QBit]) -> None:
    allocate(qvars)
    allocate(ind)

    rainbow_direct(qvars, ind)


MAX_WIDTH = 24
qmod = create_model(
    main,
    constraints=Constraints(max_width=MAX_WIDTH),
    preferences=Preferences(optimization_level=1),
)
print("Starting synthesis")
qprog = synthesize(qmod)
show(qprog)
Output:

Starting synthesis
  Quantum program link: https://platform.classiq.io/circuit/3560PSetPbgGMGz0mmh6EGTR5Da

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Iterative Quantum Amplitude Estimation (IQAE) Algorithm

from classiq.applications.iqae.iqae import IQAE

MAX_WIDTH_2 = 25

iqae = IQAE(
    state_prep_op=rainbow_direct,
    problem_vars_size=NUM_QUBITS * NUM_ASSETS + MAX_NUM_QUBITS,
    constraints=Constraints(max_width=MAX_WIDTH_2),
    preferences=Preferences(optimization_level=1),
)


qmod_2 = iqae.get_model()

print("Starting synthesis")
qprog_2 = iqae.get_qprog()
show(qprog_2)
print("Starting execution")
result = iqae.run(EPSILON, ALPHA)
Output:

Starting synthesis
  Quantum program link: https://platform.classiq.io/circuit/3560WokLN0aA0BmujYpOGy5jaAV
  Starting execution

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Post-process

Add a term to the post-processing function: E[max⁡(eb⋅z,Ke−b′)]eb′−K=E[max⁡(e−ax^,Ke−b′−axmax)]eb′+axmax−K\begin{equation} \begin{split} &\mathbb{E} \left[\max\left(e^{b \cdot z}, Ke^{-b'}\right) \right] e^{b'} - K \\ = &\mathbb{E} \left[\max\left(e^{-a\hat{x}}, Ke^{-b'-ax_{max}}\right) \right]e^{b'+ ax_{max}} - K \end{split} \end{equation} 
import sympy

payoff_expression = f"sqrt(max([{S0[0]} * exp({STEP_X / SCALING_FACTOR * (2 ** (MAX_NUM_QUBITS 

- MAX_FRAC_PLACES))} * x + ({MU[0]+MIN_X*CHOLESKY[0].sum()})), {K}]))"
payoff_func = sympy.lambdify(sympy.symbols("x"), payoff_expression)
payoff_max = payoff_func(1 - 1 / (2**MAX_NUM_QUBITS))


def parse_result_direct(iqae_res):
    option_value = iqae_res.estimation * (payoff_max**2) 

- K
    confidence_interval = np.array(iqae_res.confidence_interval) * (payoff_max**2) 

- K
    return (option_value, confidence_interval)

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Run Method

parsed_result, conf_interval = parse_result_direct(result)
print(
    f"raw iqae results: {result.estimation} with confidence interval {result.confidence_interval}"
)
print(
    f"option estimated value: {parsed_result} with confidence interval {conf_interval}"
)
Output:
raw iqae results: 0.08112252544735371 with confidence interval [0.07895153133981032, 0.0832935195548971]
  option estimated value: 26.882608544360238 with confidence interval [21.07841467 32.68680242]

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Assertions

expected_payoff = 23.0238
ALPHA_ASSERTION = 1e-5
measured_confidence = conf_interval[1] - conf_interval[0]
confidence_scale_by_alpha = np.sqrt(
    np.log(ALPHA / ALPHA_ASSERTION)
)  # based on e^2=(1/2N)*log(2T/alpha) from "Iterative Quantum Amplitude Estimation" since our alpha is low, we want to check within a bigger confidence interval
assert (
    np.abs(parsed_result - expected_payoff)
    <= 0.5 * measured_confidence * confidence_scale_by_alpha
), f"Payoff result is out of the {ALPHA_ASSERTION*100}% confidence interval: |{parsed_result} - {expected_payoff}| > {0.5*measured_confidence * confidence_scale_by_alpha}"

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References

[1] Francesca Cibrario et al., Quantum Amplitude Loading for Rainbow Options Pricing. Preprint.